Battery-free devices for the Internet of Things

Market forecasts predict billions of "things" connected by 2025. The global market size of the smart sensor market is projected to grow from$36.6 billion in 2020 to $87.6 billion by 2025, with a CAGR of 19.0% per cent. The market of energy harvesting systems is expected to reach$4.439 billion by 2025, , with an annual growth rate of 10.91%. In this scenario, a trillion node IoT infrastructure requires trillions of batteries, which cause maintenance problems and associated non-negligible management costs. In fact, Indeed, for every trillion nodes installed, 274 million batteries would need to be replaced every day, even in the best-case scenario where it is possible to assume that batteries reach their 10-year life expectancy. In this context, the thesis aims to demonstrate innovative systems, strategies ,techniques and circuits for battery-free low-maintenance, energy-efficient and battery-free devices.